We have an updated report [Version - 2023] available. Kindly sign up to get the sample of the report.

2022-2027 Global and Regional Virtual and Online Fitness Industry Status and Prospects Professional Market Research Report Standard Version

  • Report Code : 842004
  • Industry : Services
  • Published On : Sep 2022
  • Pages : 154
  • Publisher : HNY Research
  • Format: WMR PPT FormatWMR PDF Format

Impact Analysis of Covid-19

The complete version of the Report will include the impact of the COVID-19, and anticipated change on the future outlook of the industry, by taking into the account the political, economic, social, and technological parameters.

The global Virtual and Online Fitness market is expected to reach US$ XX Million by 2027, with a CAGR of XX% from 2022 to 2027, based on HNY Research newly published report.
The prime objective of this report is to provide the insights on the post COVID-19 impact which will help market players in this field evaluate their business approaches. Also, this report covers market segmentation by major market verdors, types, applications/end users and geography(North America, East Asia, Europe, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, South America).

By Market Verdors:
Peloton
Fitness First
Nautilus Inc
Life fitness
Core Health & Fitness
Johnson Health Tech
Zwift
Precor
Technogym
Charter Fitness
Wellbeats
Tempo
ClassPass Inc.
Fitness On Demand
Mirror
FNF
eGym GmbH
Les Mills International Ltd.
Econofitness
Tonal

By Types:
Equipment
Services

By Applications:
Adults
Children
The Elderly

Key Indicators Analysed
Market Players & Competitor Analysis: The report covers the key players of the industry including Company Profile, Product Specifications, Production Capacity/Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin 2016-2027 & Sales with a thorough analysis of the market's competitive landscape and detailed information on vendors and comprehensive details of factors that will challenge the growth of major market vendors.
Global and Regional Market Analysis: The report includes Global & Regional market status and outlook 2016-2027. Further the report provides break down details about each region & countries covered in the report. Identifying its sales, sales volume & revenue forecast. With detailed analysis by types and applications.
Market Trends: Market key trends which include Increased Competition and Continuous Innovations.
Opportunities and Drivers: Identifying the Growing Demands and New Technology
Porters Five Force Analysis: The report provides with the state of competition in industry depending on five basic forces: threat of new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, threat of substitute products or services, and existing industry rivalry.

Key Reasons to Purchase
To gain insightful analyses of the market and have comprehensive understanding of the global market and its commercial landscape.
Assess the production processes, major issues, and solutions to mitigate the development risk.
To understand the most affecting driving and restraining forces in the market and its impact in the global market.
Learn about the market strategies that are being adopted by leading respective organizations.
To understand the future outlook and prospects for the market.
Besides the standard structure reports, we also provide custom research according to specific requirements.

Chapter 1 Industry Overview
1.1 Definition
1.2 Assumptions
1.3 Research Scope
1.4 Market Analysis by Regions
1.4.1 North America Market States and Outlook (2022-2027)
1.4.2 East Asia Market States and Outlook (2022-2027)
1.4.3 Europe Market States and Outlook (2022-2027)
1.4.4 South Asia Market States and Outlook (2022-2027)
1.4.5 Southeast Asia Market States and Outlook (2022-2027)
1.4.6 Middle East Market States and Outlook (2022-2027)
1.4.7 Africa Market States and Outlook (2022-2027)
1.4.8 Oceania Market States and Outlook (2022-2027)
1.4.9 South America Market States and Outlook (2022-2027)
1.5 Global Virtual and Online Fitness Market Size Analysis from 2022 to 2027
1.5.1 Global Virtual and Online Fitness Market Size Analysis from 2022 to 2027 by Consumption Volume
1.5.2 Global Virtual and Online Fitness Market Size Analysis from 2022 to 2027 by Value
1.5.3 Global Virtual and Online Fitness Price Trends Analysis from 2022 to 2027
1.6 COVID-19 Outbreak: Virtual and Online Fitness Industry Impact
Chapter 2 Global Virtual and Online Fitness Competition by Types, Applications, and Top Regions and Countries
2.1 Global Virtual and Online Fitness (Volume and Value) by Type
2.1.1 Global Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption and Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
2.1.2 Global Virtual and Online Fitness Revenue and Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
2.2 Global Virtual and Online Fitness (Volume and Value) by Application
2.2.1 Global Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption and Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
2.2.2 Global Virtual and Online Fitness Revenue and Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
2.3 Global Virtual and Online Fitness (Volume and Value) by Regions
2.3.1 Global Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption and Market Share by Regions (2016-2021)
2.3.2 Global Virtual and Online Fitness Revenue and Market Share by Regions (2016-2021)
Chapter 3 Production Market Analysis
3.1 Global Production Market Analysis
3.1.1 2016-2021 Global Capacity, Production, Capacity Utilization Rate, Ex-Factory Price, Revenue, Cost, Gross and Gross Margin Analysis
3.1.2 2016-2021 Major Manufacturers Performance and Market Share
3.2 Regional Production Market Analysis
3.2.1 2016-2021 Regional Market Performance and Market Share
3.2.2 North America Market
3.2.3 East Asia Market
3.2.4 Europe Market
3.2.5 South Asia Market
3.2.6 Southeast Asia Market
3.2.7 Middle East Market
3.2.8 Africa Market
3.2.9 Oceania Market
3.2.10 South America Market
3.2.11 Rest of the World Market
Chapter 4 Global Virtual and Online Fitness Sales, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2016-2021)
4.1 Global Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption by Regions (2016-2021)
4.2 North America Virtual and Online Fitness Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2016-2021)
4.3 East Asia Virtual and Online Fitness Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2016-2021)
4.4 Europe Virtual and Online Fitness Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2016-2021)
4.5 South Asia Virtual and Online Fitness Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2016-2021)
4.6 Southeast Asia Virtual and Online Fitness Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2016-2021)
4.7 Middle East Virtual and Online Fitness Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2016-2021)
4.8 Africa Virtual and Online Fitness Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2016-2021)
4.9 Oceania Virtual and Online Fitness Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2016-2021)
4.10 South America Virtual and Online Fitness Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2016-2021)
Chapter 5 North America Virtual and Online Fitness Market Analysis
5.1 North America Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption and Value Analysis
5.1.1 North America Virtual and Online Fitness Market Under COVID-19
5.2 North America Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume by Types
5.3 North America Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Structure by Application
5.4 North America Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption by Top Countries
5.4.1 United States Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
5.4.2 Canada Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
5.4.3 Mexico Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
Chapter 6 East Asia Virtual and Online Fitness Market Analysis
6.1 East Asia Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption and Value Analysis
6.1.1 East Asia Virtual and Online Fitness Market Under COVID-19
6.2 East Asia Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume by Types
6.3 East Asia Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Structure by Application
6.4 East Asia Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption by Top Countries
6.4.1 China Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
6.4.2 Japan Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
6.4.3 South Korea Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
Chapter 7 Europe Virtual and Online Fitness Market Analysis
7.1 Europe Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption and Value Analysis
7.1.1 Europe Virtual and Online Fitness Market Under COVID-19
7.2 Europe Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume by Types
7.3 Europe Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Structure by Application
7.4 Europe Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption by Top Countries
7.4.1 Germany Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
7.4.2 UK Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
7.4.3 France Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
7.4.4 Italy Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
7.4.5 Russia Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
7.4.6 Spain Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
7.4.7 Netherlands Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
7.4.8 Switzerland Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
7.4.9 Poland Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
Chapter 8 South Asia Virtual and Online Fitness Market Analysis
8.1 South Asia Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption and Value Analysis
8.1.1 South Asia Virtual and Online Fitness Market Under COVID-19
8.2 South Asia Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume by Types
8.3 South Asia Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Structure by Application
8.4 South Asia Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption by Top Countries
8.4.1 India Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
8.4.2 Pakistan Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
8.4.3 Bangladesh Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
Chapter 9 Southeast Asia Virtual and Online Fitness Market Analysis
9.1 Southeast Asia Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption and Value Analysis
9.1.1 Southeast Asia Virtual and Online Fitness Market Under COVID-19
9.2 Southeast Asia Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume by Types
9.3 Southeast Asia Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Structure by Application
9.4 Southeast Asia Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption by Top Countries
9.4.1 Indonesia Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
9.4.2 Thailand Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
9.4.3 Singapore Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
9.4.4 Malaysia Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
9.4.5 Philippines Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
9.4.6 Vietnam Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
9.4.7 Myanmar Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
Chapter 10 Middle East Virtual and Online Fitness Market Analysis
10.1 Middle East Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption and Value Analysis
10.1.1 Middle East Virtual and Online Fitness Market Under COVID-19
10.2 Middle East Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume by Types
10.3 Middle East Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Structure by Application
10.4 Middle East Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption by Top Countries
10.4.1 Turkey Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
10.4.2 Saudi Arabia Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
10.4.3 Iran Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
10.4.4 United Arab Emirates Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
10.4.5 Israel Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
10.4.6 Iraq Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
10.4.7 Qatar Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
10.4.8 Kuwait Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
10.4.9 Oman Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
Chapter 11 Africa Virtual and Online Fitness Market Analysis
11.1 Africa Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption and Value Analysis
11.1.1 Africa Virtual and Online Fitness Market Under COVID-19
11.2 Africa Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume by Types
11.3 Africa Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Structure by Application
11.4 Africa Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption by Top Countries
11.4.1 Nigeria Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
11.4.2 South Africa Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
11.4.3 Egypt Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
11.4.4 Algeria Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
11.4.5 Morocco Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
Chapter 12 Oceania Virtual and Online Fitness Market Analysis
12.1 Oceania Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption and Value Analysis
12.2 Oceania Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume by Types
12.3 Oceania Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Structure by Application
12.4 Oceania Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption by Top Countries
12.4.1 Australia Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
12.4.2 New Zealand Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
Chapter 13 South America Virtual and Online Fitness Market Analysis
13.1 South America Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption and Value Analysis
13.1.1 South America Virtual and Online Fitness Market Under COVID-19
13.2 South America Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume by Types
13.3 South America Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Structure by Application
13.4 South America Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume by Major Countries
13.4.1 Brazil Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
13.4.2 Argentina Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
13.4.3 Columbia Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
13.4.4 Chile Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
13.4.5 Venezuela Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
13.4.6 Peru Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
13.4.7 Puerto Rico Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
13.4.8 Ecuador Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
Chapter 14 Company Profiles and Key Figures in Virtual and Online Fitness Business
14.1 Peloton
14.1.1 Peloton Company Profile
14.1.2 Peloton Virtual and Online Fitness Product Specification
14.1.3 Peloton Virtual and Online Fitness Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.2 Fitness First
14.2.1 Fitness First Company Profile
14.2.2 Fitness First Virtual and Online Fitness Product Specification
14.2.3 Fitness First Virtual and Online Fitness Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.3 Nautilus Inc
14.3.1 Nautilus Inc Company Profile
14.3.2 Nautilus Inc Virtual and Online Fitness Product Specification
14.3.3 Nautilus Inc Virtual and Online Fitness Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.4 Life fitness
14.4.1 Life fitness Company Profile
14.4.2 Life fitness Virtual and Online Fitness Product Specification
14.4.3 Life fitness Virtual and Online Fitness Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.5 Core Health & Fitness
14.5.1 Core Health & Fitness Company Profile
14.5.2 Core Health & Fitness Virtual and Online Fitness Product Specification
14.5.3 Core Health & Fitness Virtual and Online Fitness Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.6 Johnson Health Tech
14.6.1 Johnson Health Tech Company Profile
14.6.2 Johnson Health Tech Virtual and Online Fitness Product Specification
14.6.3 Johnson Health Tech Virtual and Online Fitness Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.7 Zwift
14.7.1 Zwift Company Profile
14.7.2 Zwift Virtual and Online Fitness Product Specification
14.7.3 Zwift Virtual and Online Fitness Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.8 Precor
14.8.1 Precor Company Profile
14.8.2 Precor Virtual and Online Fitness Product Specification
14.8.3 Precor Virtual and Online Fitness Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.9 Technogym
14.9.1 Technogym Company Profile
14.9.2 Technogym Virtual and Online Fitness Product Specification
14.9.3 Technogym Virtual and Online Fitness Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.10 Charter Fitness
14.10.1 Charter Fitness Company Profile
14.10.2 Charter Fitness Virtual and Online Fitness Product Specification
14.10.3 Charter Fitness Virtual and Online Fitness Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.11 Wellbeats
14.11.1 Wellbeats Company Profile
14.11.2 Wellbeats Virtual and Online Fitness Product Specification
14.11.3 Wellbeats Virtual and Online Fitness Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.12 Tempo
14.12.1 Tempo Company Profile
14.12.2 Tempo Virtual and Online Fitness Product Specification
14.12.3 Tempo Virtual and Online Fitness Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.13 ClassPass Inc.
14.13.1 ClassPass Inc. Company Profile
14.13.2 ClassPass Inc. Virtual and Online Fitness Product Specification
14.13.3 ClassPass Inc. Virtual and Online Fitness Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.14 Fitness On Demand
14.14.1 Fitness On Demand Company Profile
14.14.2 Fitness On Demand Virtual and Online Fitness Product Specification
14.14.3 Fitness On Demand Virtual and Online Fitness Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.15 Mirror
14.15.1 Mirror Company Profile
14.15.2 Mirror Virtual and Online Fitness Product Specification
14.15.3 Mirror Virtual and Online Fitness Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.16 FNF
14.16.1 FNF Company Profile
14.16.2 FNF Virtual and Online Fitness Product Specification
14.16.3 FNF Virtual and Online Fitness Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.17 eGym GmbH
14.17.1 eGym GmbH Company Profile
14.17.2 eGym GmbH Virtual and Online Fitness Product Specification
14.17.3 eGym GmbH Virtual and Online Fitness Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.18 Les Mills International Ltd.
14.18.1 Les Mills International Ltd. Company Profile
14.18.2 Les Mills International Ltd. Virtual and Online Fitness Product Specification
14.18.3 Les Mills International Ltd. Virtual and Online Fitness Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.19 Econofitness
14.19.1 Econofitness Company Profile
14.19.2 Econofitness Virtual and Online Fitness Product Specification
14.19.3 Econofitness Virtual and Online Fitness Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.20 Tonal
14.20.1 Tonal Company Profile
14.20.2 Tonal Virtual and Online Fitness Product Specification
14.20.3 Tonal Virtual and Online Fitness Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Chapter 15 Global Virtual and Online Fitness Market Forecast (2022-2027)
15.1 Global Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume, Revenue and Price Forecast (2022-2027)
15.1.1 Global Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
15.1.2 Global Virtual and Online Fitness Value and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
15.2 Global Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume, Value and Growth Rate Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
15.2.1 Global Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume and Growth Rate Forecast by Regions (2022-2027)
15.2.2 Global Virtual and Online Fitness Value and Growth Rate Forecast by Regions (2022-2027)
15.2.3 North America Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
15.2.4 East Asia Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
15.2.5 Europe Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
15.2.6 South Asia Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
15.2.7 Southeast Asia Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
15.2.8 Middle East Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
15.2.9 Africa Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
15.2.10 Oceania Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
15.2.11 South America Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
15.3 Global Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
15.3.1 Global Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
15.3.2 Global Virtual and Online Fitness Revenue Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
15.3.3 Global Virtual and Online Fitness Price Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
15.4 Global Virtual and Online Fitness Consumption Volume Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
15.5 Virtual and Online Fitness Market Forecast Under COVID-19
Chapter 16 Conclusions
Research Methodology

Choose License Type

Happy To Assist You

Contact Images

We will be happy to help you find what you need. Please call us or write to us:

Frequently Asked Questions

This report incorporates the analysis of factors that augments the market growth. Report presents competitive landscape of the global market. This also provides the scope of different segments and applications that can potentially influence the market in the future. The analysis is based on current market trends and historic growth data. It includes detailed market segmentation, regional analysis, and competitive landscape of the industry.
The report efficiently evaluates the current market size and provides industry forecast. The market was valued at xxx Million US$ in 2019, and is expected to grow at a CAGR of xx% during the period 2020-2027.
The report efficiently evaluates the current market size and provides forecast for the industry in terms of Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Thousands Units).
  • Types
  • Applications
  • Technology
  • End-use Industries
  • Regions
The report share key insights on the following:
  • Current market size
  • Market forecast
  • Market opportunities
  • Key drivers and restraints
  • Regulatory scenario
  • Industry trend
  • Pestle analysis
  • Porter’s analysis
  • New product approvals/launch
  • Promotion and marketing initiatives
  • Pricing analysis
  • Competitive landscape
It helps the businesses in making strategic decisions.
Customization helps the organization to gain insight on specific segments and regions of interest. Thus, WMR offers tailored report information based on business requirement in order to take strategic calls.
Contact us

mapicon
Sales Office (U.S.):
Worldwide Market Reports, 533 Airport Boulevard, Suite 400, Burlingame, CA 94010, United States

mapicon+1-415-871-0703

mapicon
Asia Pacific Intelligence Center (India):
Worldwide Market Reports, 403, 4th Floor, Bremen Business Center, Aundh, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India.

Newsletter

Want us to send you latest updates of the current trends, insights, and more, signup to our newsletter (for alerts, special offers, and discounts).


Secure Payment By:
paymenticon

This website is secured Origin CA certificate on the server, Comodo, Firewall and Verified Sitelock Malware Protection

secureimg

© 2024 Worldwide Market Reports. All Rights Reserved