Global LCD Glass Substrate Market Research Report 2019

Table of Contents

1 LCD Glass Substrate Market Overview 1
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of LCD Glass Substrate 1
1.2 LCD Glass Substrate Segment by Types (Product Category) 2
1.2.1 Global LCD Glass Substrate Classification by Panel Size/Generation 2
1.2.2 Global LCD Glass Substrate Output (M Sq.m) and Growth Rate (%) Comparison by Types (2016-2022) 2
1.2.3 Global LCD Glass Substrate Output Market Share (%) by Types in 2016 3
1.3 Global LCD Glass Substrate Segment by Applications 3
1.3.1 Global LCD Glass Substrate Consumption Comparison by Applications (2012-2022) 3
1.3.2 Televisions 4
1.3.3 Monitors 5
1.3.4 Laptops 5
1.3.5 Others (Tablet, Smartphone, etc.) 6
1.4 Global LCD Glass Substrate Market by Regions (2012-2022) 7
1.4.1 Global LCD Glass Substrate Revenue (M $) Comparison by Regions (2012-2022) 7
1.4.2 United States LCD Glass Substrate Status and Prospect (2012-2022) 8
1.4.3 China LCD Glass Substrate Status and Prospect (2012-2022) 8
1.4.4 Japan LCD Glass Substrate Status and Prospect (2012-2022) 9
1.4.5 South Korea LCD Glass Substrate Status and Prospect (2012-2022) 10
1.4.6 Taiwan LCD Glass Substrate Status and Prospect (2012-2022) 10
1.5 Global Market Size of LCD Glass Substrate (2012-2022) 11
1.5.1 Global LCD Glass Substrate Revenue (M $) Status and Outlook (2012-2022) 11
1.5.2 Global LCD Glass Substrate Capacity, Output (M Sq.m) Status and Outlook (2012-2022) 12
2 Global LCD Glass Substrate Market Competition by Manufacturers 13
2.1 Global LCD Glass Substrate Capacity, Output and Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017) 13
2.1.1 Global LCD Glass Substrate Capacity (M Sq.m) and Share (%) by Manufacturers (2012-2017) 13
2.1.2 Global LCD Glass Substrate Output (M Sq.m) and Share (%) by Manufacturers (2012-2017) 15
2.2 Global LCD Glass Substrate Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017) 16
2.3 Global LCD Glass Substrate Average Price by Manufacturers (2012-2017) 18
2.4 Manufacturers LCD Glass Substrate Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Types 19
2.5 LCD Glass Substrate Market Competitive Situation and Trends 20
2.5.1 LCD Glass Substrate Market Concentration Rate 20
2.5.2 LCD Glass Substrate Market Share (%) of Top 3 and Top 5 Manufacturers 21
3 Global LCD Glass Substrate Capacity, Output, Revenue by Regions 22
3.1 Global LCD Glass Substrate Capacity and Market Share by Regions (2012-2017) 22
3.2 Global LCD Glass Substrate Output and Market Share by Regions (2012-2017) 24
3.3 Global LCD Glass Substrate Revenue and Market Share by Regions (2012-2017) 26
3.4 Global LCD Glass Substrate Capacity, Output (M Sq.m), Revenue (M $), Price ($/Sq.m) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 28
3.5 United States LCD Glass Substrate Capacity, Output (M Sq.m), Revenue (M $), Price ($/Sq.m) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 29
3.6 China LCD Glass Substrate Capacity, Output (M Sq.m), Revenue (M $), Price ($/Sq.m) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 29
3.7 Japan LCD Glass Substrate Capacity, Output (M Sq.m), Revenue (M $), Price ($/Sq.m) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 30
3.8 South Korea LCD Glass Substrate Capacity, Output (M Sq.m), Revenue (M $), Price ($/Sq.m) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 30
3.9 Taiwan LCD Glass Substrate Capacity, Output (M Sq.m), Revenue (M $), Price ($/Sq.m) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 31
4 Global LCD Glass Substrate Supply (Output), Consumption, Export, Import by Regions 32
4.1 Global LCD Glass Substrate Consumption by Regions (2012-2017) 32
4.2 United States LCD Glass Substrate Output, Consumption, Export, Import (2012-2017) 34
4.4 China LCD Glass Substrate Output, Consumption, Export, Import (2012-2017) 34
4.5 Japan LCD Glass Substrate Output, Consumption, Export, Import (2012-2017) 34
4.6 South Korea LCD Glass Substrate Output, Consumption, Export, Import (2012-2017) 35
4.7 Taiwan LCD Glass Substrate Output, Consumption, Export, Import (2012-2017) 35
5 Global LCD Glass Substrate Output, Revenue, Price Trend by Types 36
5.1 Global LCD Glass Substrate Output (M Sq.m) and Market Share (%) by Types (2012-2017) 36
5.2 Global LCD Glass Substrate Revenue (M $) and Market Share (%) by Types (2012-2017) 37
5.3 Global LCD Glass Substrate Price ($/Sq.m) by Type (2012-2017) 39
5.4 Global LCD Glass Substrate Output Growth (%) by Type (2012-2017) 39
6 Global LCD Glass Substrate Market Analysis by Applications 40
6.1 Global LCD Glass Substrate Consumption and Market Share by Applications (2012-2017) 40
6.2 Global LCD Glass Substrate Consumption Growth Rate by Applications (2012-2017) 42
7 Analysis of LCD Glass Substrate Industry Key Manufacturers 43
7.1 Corning 43
7.1.1 Company Profile 43
7.1.2 Product Information 44
7.1.3 Production, Price and Revenue 44
7.2 AGC 45
7.2.1 Company Profile 45
7.2.2 Product Information 46
7.2.3 Production, Price and Revenue 46
7.3 NEG 47
7.3.1 Company Profile 47
7.3.2 Product Information 48
7.3.3 Production, Price and Revenue 48
7.4 Tunghsu Group 48
7.4.1 Company Profile 48
7.4.2 Product Information 50
7.4.3 Production, Price and Revenue 50
7.5 AvanStrate 51
7.5.1 Company Profile 51
7.5.2 Product Information 52
7.5.3 Production, Price and Revenue 52
7.6 IRICO Group 53
7.6.1 Company Profile 53
7.6.2 Product Information 54
7.6.3 Production, Price and Revenue 54
7.7 CGC 54
7.7.1 Company Profile 54
7.7.2 Product Information 55
7.7.3 Production, Price and Revenue 56
7.8 LG Chem 56
7.8.1 Company Profile 56
7.8.2 Product Information 57
7.8.3 Production, Price and Revenue 57
8 LCD Glass Substrate Manufacturing Cost Analysis 58
8.1 LCD Glass Substrate Key Raw Materials Analysis 58
8.1.1 Key Raw Materials 58
8.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials 59
8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials 61
8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure 62
8.2.1 Raw Materials 62
8.2.2 Labor Cost 62
8.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses 69
8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of LCD Glass Substrate 69
9 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers 70
9.1 LCD Glass Substrate Industrial Chain Analysis 70
9.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing 71
9.3 Downstream Buyers 71
10 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors 72
10.1 Marketing Channel 72
10.1.1 Direct Marketing 72
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing 72
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend 72
10.2 Market Positioning 73
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy 73
10.2.2 Brand Strategy 73
10.3 Distributors/Traders List 73
11 Market Effect Factors Analysis 75
11.1 SWOT Analysis 75
11.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change 75
11.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change 75
12 Global LCD Glass Substrate Market Forecast 84
12.1 Global LCD Glass Substrate Capacity, Output, Revenue Forecast (2017-2022) 84
12.1.1 Global LCD Glass Substrate Capacity, Output (M Sq.m) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2017-2022) 84
12.1.2 Global LCD Glass Substrate Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022) 85
12.1.3 Global LCD Glass Substrate Price and Trend Forecast (2017-2022) 86
12.2 Global LCD Glass Substrate Output, Consumption, Import and Export Forecast by Regions (2017-2022) 86
12.2.1 United States LCD Glass Substrate Output, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2017-2022) 88
12.2.2 China LCD Glass Substrate Output, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2017-2022) 90
12.2.3 Japan LCD Glass Substrate Output, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2017-2022) 91
12.2.4 South Korea LCD Glass Substrate Output, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2017-2022) 93
12.2.5 Taiwan LCD Glass Substrate Output, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2017-2022) 94
12.3 Global LCD Glass Substrate Output, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2017-2022) 95
12.4 Global LCD Glass Substrate Consumption Forecast by Application (2017-2022) 97
13 Research Findings and Conclusion 99
14 Methodology and Data Source 100
14.1 Methodology/Research Approach 100
14.1.1 Research Programs/Design 100
14.1.2 Market Size Estimation 101
14.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation 102
14.2 Data Source 103
14.2.1 Secondary Sources 103
14.2.2 Primary Sources 104
14.3 Disclaimer 105
14.4 Author List 106



List of Tables and Figures

Figure Product Picture of LCD Glass Substrate 1
Figure Product Structure of LCD Panel 1
Table Global LCD Glass Substrate Classification by Panel Size/Generation 2
Table Global LCD Glass Substrate Output (M Sq.m) and Growth Rate (%) Comparison by Types (2016-2022) 2
Figure Global LCD Glass Substrate Output Market Share (%) by Types in 2016 3
Table Global LCD Glass Substrate Consumption (M Sq.m) Comparison by Applications (2012-2022) 3
Figure Global LCD Glass Substrate Consumption Market Share (%) by Applications in 2016 4
Figure LCD Televisions Examples 4
Figure LCD Monitors Examples 5
Figure Laptops Examples 5
Figure Others (Tablets, Smartphone, etc.) Examples 6
Figure Global LCD Glass Substrate Revenue (M $) Comparison by Regions (2012-2022) 7
Table LCD Glass Substrate Revenue (M $) Comparison by Regions (2012-2022) 7
Figure United States LCD Glass Substrate Revenue (M $) and Growth Rate (2012-2022) 8
Figure China LCD Glass Substrate Revenue (M $) and Growth Rate (2012-2022) 9
Figure Japan LCD Glass Substrate Revenue (M $) and Growth Rate (2012-2022) 9
Figure South Korea LCD Glass Substrate Revenue (M $) and Growth Rate (2012-2022) 10
Figure Taiwan LCD Glass Substrate Revenue (M $) and Growth Rate (2012-2022) 11
Figure Global LCD Glass Substrate Revenue (M $) Status and Outlook (2012-2022) 12
Figure Global LCD Glass Substrate Capacity, Output (M Sq.m) Status and Outlook (2012-2022) 12
Table Global LCD Glass Substrate Capacity (M Sq.m) of Key Manufacturers (2012-2017) 13
Table Global LCD Glass Substrate Capacity Market Share (%) of Key Manufacturers (2012-2017) 13
Figure Global LCD Glass Substrate Capacity Market Share (%) of Key Manufacturers in 2016 14
Figure Global LCD Glass Substrate Major Players Product Output Share 2012-2017 15
Table Global LCD Glass Substrate Output (M Sq.m) of Key Manufacturers (2012-2017) 15
Table Global LCD Glass Substrate Output Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017) 16
Figure 2016 LCD Glass Substrate Output Share by Manufacturers 16
Table Global LCD Glass Substrate Revenue (M $) by Manufacturers (2012-2017) 16
Table Global LCD Glass Substrate Revenue Market Share (%) by Manufacturers (2012-2017) 17
Figure 2016 Global LCD Glass Substrate Revenue Market Share (%) by Manufacturers 18
Table Global Market LCD Glass Substrate Average Price ($/Sq.m) of Key Manufacturers (2012-2017) 18
Figure Global Market LCD Glass Substrate Average Price ($/Sq.m) of Key Manufacturers in 2016 19
Table Manufacturers LCD Glass Substrate Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area 19
Table Manufacturers LCD Glass Substrate Product Category 20
Figure LCD Glass Substrate Market Share (%) of Top 3 Manufacturers 21
Figure LCD Glass Substrate Market Share (%) of Top 5 Manufacturers 21
Table Global LCD Glass Substrate Capacity (M Sq.m) by Regions (2012-2017) 22
Figure Global LCD Glass Substrate Capacity Market Share by Regions (2012-2017) 22
Figure Global LCD Glass Substrate Capacity Market Share by Regions (2012-2017) 23
Figure 2016 Global LCD Glass Substrate Capacity Market Share by Regions 23
Table Global LCD Glass Substrate Output (M Sq.m) by Regions (2012-2017) 24
Figure Global LCD Glass Substrate Output Market Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017) 24
Figure Global LCD Glass Substrate Output Market Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017) 25
Figure 2016 Global LCD Glass Substrate Output Market Share (%) by Regions 25
Table Global LCD Glass Substrate Revenue (M $) by Regions (2012-2017) 26
Table Global LCD Glass Substrate Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017) 26
Figure Global LCD Glass Substrate Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017) 27
Figure 2016 Global LCD Glass Substrate Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions 27
Figure Global LCD Glass Substrate Capacity, Output (M Sq.m) and Growth Rate (%) (2012-2017) 28
Table Global LCD Glass Substrate Capacity, Output (M Sq.m), Revenue (M $), Price ($/Sq.m) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 28
Table United States LCD Glass Substrate Capacity, Output (M Sq.m), Revenue (M $), Price ($/Sq.m) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 29
Table China LCD Glass Substrate Capacity, Output (M Sq.m), Revenue (M $), Price ($/Sq.m) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 29
Table Japan LCD Glass Substrate Capacity, Output (M Sq.m), Revenue (M $), Price ($/Sq.m) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 30
Table South Korea LCD Glass Substrate Capacity, Output (M Sq.m), Revenue (M $), Price ($/Sq.m) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 30
Table Taiwan LCD Glass Substrate Capacity, Output (M Sq.m), Revenue (M $), Price ($/Sq.m) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 31
Table Global LCD Glass Substrate Consumption (M Sq.m) Market by Regions (2012-2017) 32
Table Global LCD Glass Substrate Consumption Market Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017) 32
Figure Global LCD Glass Substrate Consumption Market Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017) 33
Figure 2016 Global LCD Glass Substrate Consumption Market Share (%) by Regions 33
Table United States LCD Glass Substrate Output, Consumption, Import & Export (M Sq.m) (2012-2017) 34
Table China LCD Glass Substrate Output, Consumption, Import & Export (M Sq.m) (2012-2017) 34
Table Japan LCD Glass Substrate Output, Consumption, Import & Export (M Sq.m) (2012-2017) 34
Table South Korea LCD Glass Substrate Output, Consumption, Import & Export (M Sq.m) (2012-2017) 35
Table Taiwan LCD Glass Substrate Output, Consumption, Import & Export (M Sq.m) (2012-2017) 35
Table Global LCD Glass Substrate Output (M Sq.m) by Types (2012-2017) 36
Table Global LCD Glass Substrate Output Share (%) by Types (2012-2017) 36
Figure 2016 Output Market Share (%) of LCD Glass Substrate by Types 37
Table Global LCD Glass Substrate Revenue (M $) by Types (2012-2017) 37
Table Global LCD Glass Substrate Revenue Market Share (%) by Types (2012-2017) 37
Figure Revenue Market Share (%) of LCD Glass Substrate by Types (2012-2017) 38
Figure 2016 Revenue Market Share (%) of LCD Glass Substrate by Types 38
Table Global LCD Glass Substrate Price ($/Sq.m) by Types (2012-2017) 39
Figure Global LCD Glass Substrate Output Growth (%) by Type (2012-2017) 39
Table Global LCD Glass Substrate Consumption (M Sq.m) by Applications (2012-2017) 40
Table Global LCD Glass Substrate Consumption Market Share (%) by Applications (2012-2017) 40
Figure Global LCD Glass Substrate Consumption Market Share (%) by Applications (2012-2017) 41
Figure Global LCD Glass Substrate Consumption Market Share (%) by Applications in 2016 41
Figure Global LCD Glass Substrate Consumption Growth Rate by Applications (2012-2017) 42
Table Corning Company Profile 43
Figure LCD Glass Substrate Product Information of Corning 44
Table LCD Glass Substrate Production (M Sq.m), Price ($/Sq.m), Revenue (M $) and Gross Margin of Corning (2016 and 2017) 44
Table AGC Company Profile 45
Figure LCD Glass Substrate Product Information of AGC 46
Table LCD Glass Substrate Production (M Sq.m), Price ($/Sq.m), Revenue (M $) and Gross Margin of AGC (2016 and 2017) 46
Table NEG Company Profile 47
Figure LCD Glass Substrate Product Information of NEG 48
Table LCD Glass Substrate Production (M Sq.m), Price ($/Sq.m), Revenue (M $) and Gross Margin of NEG (2016 and 2017) 48
Table Tunghsu Optoelectronic Company Profile 48
Figure LCD Glass Substrate Product Information of Tunghsu Optoelectronic 50
Table LCD Glass Substrate Production (M Sq.m), Price ($/Sq.m), Revenue (M $) and Gross Margin of Tunghsu Optoelectronic (2016 and 2017) 50
Table AvanStrate Company Profile 51
Figure LCD Glass Substrate Product Information of AvanStrate 52
Table LCD Glass Substrate Production (M Sq.m), Price ($/Sq.m), Revenue (M $) and Gross Margin of AvanStrate (2016 and 2017) 52
Table IRICO Group Company Profile 53
Figure LCD Glass Substrate Product Information of IRICO Group 54
Table LCD Glass Substrate Production (M Sq.m), Price ($/Sq.m), Revenue (M $) and Gross Margin of IRICO Group (2016 and 2017) 54
Table CGC Company Profile 54
Figure LCD Glass Substrate Product Information of CGC 55
Table LCD Glass Substrate Production (M Sq.m), Price ($/Sq.m), Revenue (M $) and Gross Margin of CGC (2016 and 2017) 56
Table LG Chem Company Profile 56
Figure LCD Glass Substrate Product Information of LG Chem 57
Table LCD Glass Substrate Production (M Sq.m), Price ($/Sq.m), Revenue (M $) and Gross Margin of LG Chem (2016 and 2017) 57
Table Key Raw Material of LCD Glass Substrate 58
Figure Price Trend of High Purity Quartz Sand 59
Figure Price Trend of Calcined Alumina 60
Figure Price Trend of Zinc Oxide 60
Figure Price Trend of Key Strontium Carbonate 61
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials 61
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure (Percentage) of LCD Glass Substrate 62
Figure USA Overview of Average Hourly Wages 2015-2016 (USD/Hour) 63
Figure USA Overview of Labor Costs 2013-2016 (110 Index Points) 63
Figure Cost of Employing a Factory Worker 65
Figure 2016 Estimated Labor Costs for the Whole Economy in Europe 66
Figure Monthly Minimum Wages in Asia 2016 67
Figure China Overview of Average Yearly Wages 2015-2016 (CNY/Year) 68
Figure Japan Overview of Average Monthly Wages 2015-2016 (JPY Thousand/Month) 68
Figure LCD Glass Substrates Manufacturing Process (Cold) 69
Figure LCD Glass Substrates Manufacturing Process (Hot) 69
Figure LCD Glass Substrate Industrial Chain Analysis 70
Table Major Buyers of LCD Glass Substrate 71
Table Distributors/Traders List 73
Table LCD Glass Substrates Project SWOT Analysis 75
Figure Global GDP Growth Rate for 2016 76
Figure US GDP 2006-2016 (Billion USD) 77
Figure US CPI Change 2016-2017 77
Figure EU GDP 2006-2016 (Billion USD) 78
Figure EU CPI Change 2012-2016 78
Figure Germany GDP 2006-2016 (Billion USD) 79
Figure Germany CPI Change 2016-2017 79
Figure UK GDP 2006-2016 (Billion USD) 79
Figure UK CPI Change 2016-2017 80
Figure Italy GDP 2006-2016 (Billion USD) 80
Figure Italy CPI Change 2016-2017 81
Figure Japan GDP 2006-2016 (Billion USD) 81
Figure Japan CPI Change 2012-2016 82
Figure China GDP 2006-2016 (Billion USD) 82
Figure China CPI Change 2016-2017 83
Figure Global LCD Glass Substrate Capacity, Output (M Sq.m) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2017-2022) 84
Figure Global LCD Glass Substrate Revenue (M $) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2017-2022) 85
Figure Global LCD Glass Substrate Price and Trend Forecast (2017-2022) 86
Table Global LCD Glass Substrate Output (M Sq.m) Forecast by Regions (2017-2022) 86
Figure Global LCD Glass Substrate Output Market Share (%) Forecast by Regions (2017-2022) 87
Table Global LCD Glass Substrate Consumption (M Sq.m) Forecast by Regions (2017-2022) 87
Figure Global LCD Glass Substrate Consumption Market Share (%) Forecast by Regions (2017-2022) 88
Figure United States LCD Glass Substrate Output (M Sq.m) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022) 88
Figure United States LCD Glass Substrate Revenue (M $) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022) 89
Table United States LCD Glass Substrate Output, Consumption, Export and Import (M Sq.m) Forecast (2017-2022) 89
Figure China LCD Glass Substrate Output (M Sq.m) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022) 90
Figure China LCD Glass Substrate Revenue (M $) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022) 90
Table China LCD Glass Substrate Output, Consumption, Export and Import (M Sq.m) Forecast (2017-2022) 91
Figure Japan LCD Glass Substrate Output (M Sq.m) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022) 91
Figure Japan LCD Glass Substrate Revenue (M $) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022) 92
Table Japan LCD Glass Substrate Output, Consumption, Export and Import (M Sq.m) Forecast (2017-2022) 92
Figure South Korea LCD Glass Substrate Output (M Sq.m) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022) 93
Figure South Korea LCD Glass Substrate Revenue (M $) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022) 93
Table South Korea LCD Glass Substrate Output, Consumption, Export and Import (M Sq.m) Forecast (2017-2022) 93
Figure Taiwan LCD Glass Substrate Output (M Sq.m) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022) 94
Figure Taiwan LCD Glass Substrate Revenue (M $) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022) 95
Table Taiwan LCD Glass Substrate Output, Consumption, Export and Import (M Sq.m) Forecast (2017-2022) 95
Table Global LCD Glass Substrate Output (M Sq.m) Forecast by Type (2017-2022) 95
Figure Global LCD Glass Substrate Output Market Share (%) Forecast by Type (2017-2022) 96
Table Global LCD Glass Substrate Revenue (M $) Forecast by Type (2017-2022) 96
Figure Global LCD Glass Substrate Revenue Market Share (%) Forecast by Type (2017-2022) 97
Table Global LCD Glass Substrate Price ($/Sq.m) Forecast by Type (2017-2022) 97
Table Global LCD Glass Substrate Consumption (M Sq.m) Forecast by Application (2017-2022) 97
Figure Global LCD Glass Substrate Consumption (M Sq.m) Forecast by Application (2017-2022) 98