Table of Content
1 Industrial Chain Overview
1.1 Living Insecticide Industry
1.1.1 Overview
Figure Living Insecticide Picture List
1.1.2 Characteristics of Living Insecticide
1.2 Upstream
1.2.1 Major Materials
1.2.2 Manufacturing Overview
1.3 Product List By Type
1.3.1 Microbial Pesticides
1.3.2 Plant Pesticides
1.3.3 Biochemical Pesticides
1.4 End-Use List
1.4.1 Demand in Seed Treatment Application
1.4.2 Demand in On Farm Application
1.4.3 Demand in Post Harvest Application
1.5 Global Market Overview
1.5.1 Global Market Size and Forecast, 2016-2026
Figure Global Market Size and Forecast with Growth Rate, 2016-2026
1.5.2 Global Market Size and Forecast by Geography with CAGR, 2016-2026
Table Global Market Size and Forecast by Geography with Growth Rate, 2016-2026
1.5.3 Global Market Size and Forecast by Product Type with CAGR, 2016-2026
Table Global Market Size and Forecast by Type with Growth Rate, 2016-2026
1.5.4 Global Market Size and Forecast by End-Use with CAGR, 2016-2026
Table Global Market Size and Forecast by End-Use with Growth Rate, 2016-2026
2 Global Production & Consumption by Geography
2.1 Global Production & Consumption
2.1.1 Global Production
Figure Global Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Global Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Geography, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Global Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Global Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Geography, 2016-2020, in Million USD
2.1.2 Global Consumption
Figure Global Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Global Market Volume and Growth Rate by Geography, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Global Market Amount and Growth Rate by Geography, 2016-2020, in Million USD
2.2 Geographic Production & Consumption
2.2.1 Production
2.2.1.1 Asia-Pacific
Figure Asia-Pacific Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Asia-Pacific Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Asia-Pacific Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Asia-Pacific Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
2.2.1.2 North America
Figure North America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table North America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure North America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table North America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
2.2.1.3 South America
Figure South America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table South America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure South America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table South America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
2.2.1.4 Europe
Figure Europe Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Europe Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Europe Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Europe Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
2.2.1.5 Middle East & Africa
Figure Middle East & Africa Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Middle East & Africa Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Middle East & Africa Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Middle East & Africa Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
2.2.2 Consumption
2.2.2.1 Asia-Pacific
Figure Asia-Pacific Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Asia-Pacific Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Asia-Pacific Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Asia-Pacific Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
2.2.2.2 North America
Figure North America Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table North America Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure North America Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table North America Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
2.2.2.3 South America
Figure South America Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table South America Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure South America Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table South America Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
2.2.2.4 Europe
Figure Europe Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Europe Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Europe Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Europe Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
2.2.2.5 Middle East & Africa
Figure Middle East & Africa Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Middle East & Africa Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Middle East & Africa Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Middle East & Africa Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
3 Major Manufacturers Introduction
3.1 Manufacturers Overview
Table Major Manufacturers Headquarters and Contact Information
Table Major Manufacturers Capacity List in 2018
3.2 Manufacturers List
3.2.1 Dow AgroSciences Overview
Table Dow AgroSciences Overview List
3.2.1.1 Product Specifications
3.2.1.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Living Insecticide Business Operation of Dow AgroSciences (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.1.3 Recent Developments
3.2.1.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.2 Novozymes A/S Overview
Table Novozymes A/S Overview List
3.2.2.1 Product Specifications
3.2.2.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Living Insecticide Business Operation of Novozymes A/S (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.2.3 Recent Developments
3.2.2.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.3 Bayer CropScience AG Overview
Table Bayer CropScience AG Overview List
3.2.3.1 Product Specifications
3.2.3.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Living Insecticide Business Operation of Bayer CropScience AG (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.3.3 Recent Developments
3.2.3.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.4 Valent Biosciences Corp Overview
Table Valent Biosciences Corp Overview List
3.2.4.1 Product Specifications
3.2.4.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Living Insecticide Business Operation of Valent Biosciences Corp (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.4.3 Recent Developments
3.2.4.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.5 Arysta LifeSciences Overview
Table Arysta LifeSciences Overview List
3.2.5.1 Product Specifications
3.2.5.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Living Insecticide Business Operation of Arysta LifeSciences (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.5.3 Recent Developments
3.2.5.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.6 BASF SE Overview
Table BASF SE Overview List
3.2.6.1 Product Specifications
3.2.6.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Living Insecticide Business Operation of BASF SE (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.6.3 Recent Developments
3.2.6.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.7 Becker Underwood Inc Overview
Table Becker Underwood Inc Overview List
3.2.7.1 Product Specifications
3.2.7.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Living Insecticide Business Operation of Becker Underwood Inc (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.7.3 Recent Developments
3.2.7.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.8 AgBiTech Pty Ltd. Overview
Table AgBiTech Pty Ltd. Overview List
3.2.8.1 Product Specifications
3.2.8.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Living Insecticide Business Operation of AgBiTech Pty Ltd. (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.8.3 Recent Developments
3.2.8.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.9 DuPont Overview
Table DuPont Overview List
3.2.9.1 Product Specifications
3.2.9.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Living Insecticide Business Operation of DuPont (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.9.3 Recent Developments
3.2.9.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.10 Andermatt Biocontrol Overview
Table Andermatt Biocontrol Overview List
3.2.10.1 Product Specifications
3.2.10.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Living Insecticide Business Operation of Andermatt Biocontrol (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.10.3 Recent Developments
3.2.10.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.11 Syngenta Crop Protections, LLC Overview
Table Syngenta Crop Protections, LLC Overview List
3.2.11.1 Product Specifications
3.2.11.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Living Insecticide Business Operation of Syngenta Crop Protections, LLC (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.11.3 Recent Developments
3.2.11.4 Future Strategic Planning
4 Market Competition Pattern
4.1 Market Size and Sketch
Figure Global Market Size and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Global Market Size and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure Global Competition Sketch Overview
4.2 Company Market Share
4.2.1 Global Production by Major Manufacturers
Table Global Production Volume List by Manufacturers, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Global Production Volume Share List by Manufacturers, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Global Production Volume Share by Manufacturers in 2020, in Volume
Table Global Production Amount List by Manufacturers, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Global Production Amount Share List by Manufacturers, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure Global Production Amount Share by Manufacturers in 2020, in Million USD
4.2.2 Market Concentration Analysis
4.3 Market News and Trend
4.3.1 Merger & Acquisition
4.3.2 New Product Launch
5 Product Type Segment
5.1 Global Overview by Product Type Segment
Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by Product Type Segment, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by Product Type Segment 2016-2020, in Volume
5.2 Segment Subdivision by Product Type
5.2.1 Market in Microbial Pesticides
5.2.1.1 Market Size
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Microbial Pesticides, 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Microbial Pesticides, 2016-2020, in Volume
5.2.1.2 Situation & Development
5.2.2 Market in Plant Pesticides
5.2.2.1 Market Size
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Plant Pesticides, 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Plant Pesticides, 2016-2020, in Volume
5.2.2.2 Situation & Development
5.2.3 Market in Biochemical Pesticides
5.2.3.1 Market Size
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Biochemical Pesticides, 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Biochemical Pesticides, 2016-2020, in Volume
5.2.3.2 Situation & Development
6 End-Use Segment
6.1 Global Overview by End-Use Segment
Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by End-Use Segment, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by End-Use Segment 2016-2020, in Volume
6.2 Segment Subdivision
6.2.1 Market in Seed Treatment Application
6.2.1.1 Market Size
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Seed Treatment Application, 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Seed Treatment Application, 2016-2020, in Volume
6.2.1.2 Situation & Development
6.2.2 Market in On Farm Application
6.2.2.1 Market Size
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in On Farm Application, 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in On Farm Application, 2016-2020, in Volume
6.2.2.2 Situation & Development
6.2.3 Market in Post Harvest Application
6.2.3.1 Market Size
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Post Harvest Application, 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Post Harvest Application, 2016-2020, in Volume
6.2.3.2 Situation & Development
7 Market Forecast & Trend
7.1 Regional Forecast
Table Global Market Forecast by Region Segment 2021-2026, in Million USD
Table Global Market Forecast by Region Segment 2021-2026, in Volume
7.2 Consumption Forecast
7.2.1 Product Type Forecast
Table Global Market Amount by Product Type Segment 2021-2026, in Million USD
Table Global Market Volume by Product Type Segment 2021-2026, in Volume
7.2.2 End-Use Forecast
Table Global Market Amount by End-Use Segment 2021-2026, in Million USD
Table Global Market Volume by End-Use Segment 2021-2026, in Volume
7.3 Investment Trend
7.4 Consumption Trend
8 Price & Channel
8.1 Price and Cost
8.1.1 Price
8.1.2 Cost
Figure Cost Component Ratio
8.2 Channel Segment
9 Market Drivers & Investment Environment
9.1 Market Drivers
9.2 Investment Environment
9.3 Impact of Coronavirus on the Living Insecticide Industry
9.3.1 Impact on Industry Upstream
9.3.2 Impact on Industry Downstream
9.3.3 Impact on Industry Channels
9.3.4 Impact on Industry Competition
9.3.5 Impact on Industry Employment
10 Research Conclusion
List of Table
Table Global Market Size and Forecast by Geography with Growth Rate, 2016-2026
Table Global Market Size and Forecast by Type with Growth Rate, 2016-2026
Table Global Market Size and Forecast by End-Use with Growth Rate, 2016-2026
Table Global Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Geography, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Global Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Geography, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Global Market Volume and Growth Rate by Geography, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Global Market Amount and Growth Rate by Geography, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Asia-Pacific Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Asia-Pacific Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table North America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table North America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table South America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table South America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Europe Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Europe Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Middle East & Africa Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Middle East & Africa Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Asia-Pacific Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Asia-Pacific Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table North America Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table North America Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table South America Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table South America Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Europe Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Europe Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Middle East & Africa Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Middle East & Africa Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Major Manufacturers Headquarters and Contact Information
Table Major Manufacturers Capacity List in 2018
Table Dow AgroSciences Overview List
Table Living Insecticide Business Operation of Dow AgroSciences (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Novozymes A/S Overview List
Table Living Insecticide Business Operation of Novozymes A/S (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Bayer CropScience AG Overview List
Table Living Insecticide Business Operation of Bayer CropScience AG (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Valent Biosciences Corp Overview List
Table Living Insecticide Business Operation of Valent Biosciences Corp (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Arysta LifeSciences Overview List
Table Living Insecticide Business Operation of Arysta LifeSciences (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table BASF SE Overview List
Table Living Insecticide Business Operation of BASF SE (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Becker Underwood Inc Overview List
Table Living Insecticide Business Operation of Becker Underwood Inc (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table AgBiTech Pty Ltd. Overview List
Table Living Insecticide Business Operation of AgBiTech Pty Ltd. (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table DuPont Overview List
Table Living Insecticide Business Operation of DuPont (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Andermatt Biocontrol Overview List
Table Living Insecticide Business Operation of Andermatt Biocontrol (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Syngenta Crop Protections, LLC Overview List
Table Living Insecticide Business Operation of Syngenta Crop Protections, LLC (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Global Production Volume List by Manufacturers, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Global Production Volume Share List by Manufacturers, 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Global Production Amount List by Manufacturers, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Global Production Amount Share List by Manufacturers, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by Product Type Segment, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by Product Type Segment 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by End-Use Segment, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by End-Use Segment 2016-2020, in Volume
Table Global Market Forecast by Region Segment 2021-2026, in Million USD
Table Global Market Forecast by Region Segment 2021-2026, in Volume
Table Global Market Amount by Product Type Segment 2021-2026, in Million USD
Table Global Market Volume by Product Type Segment 2021-2026, in Volume
Table Global Market Amount by End-Use Segment 2021-2026, in Million USD
Table Global Market Volume by End-Use Segment 2021-2026, in Volume
List of Figure
Figure Living Insecticide Picture List
Figure Global Market Size and Forecast with Growth Rate, 2016-2026
Figure Global Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Global Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure Global Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure Asia-Pacific Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Asia-Pacific Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure North America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure North America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure South America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure South America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure Europe Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Europe Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure Middle East & Africa Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Middle East & Africa Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure Asia-Pacific Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Asia-Pacific Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure North America Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure North America Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure South America Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure South America Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure Europe Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Europe Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure Middle East & Africa Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Middle East & Africa Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure Global Market Size and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Global Market Size and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD
Figure Global Competition Sketch Overview
Figure Global Production Volume Share by Manufacturers in 2020, in Volume
Figure Global Production Amount Share by Manufacturers in 2020, in Million USD
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Microbial Pesticides, 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Microbial Pesticides, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Plant Pesticides, 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Plant Pesticides, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Biochemical Pesticides, 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Biochemical Pesticides, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Seed Treatment Application, 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Seed Treatment Application, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in On Farm Application, 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in On Farm Application, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Post Harvest Application, 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Post Harvest Application, 2016-2020, in Volume
Figure Cost Component Ratio